Types of Hearing Loss and Disorders in Children

How we hear

The ear has 3 parts, each with its own task. The outer ear collects sound and sends it to the middle ear. There sound is changed into vibrations. These vibrations travel to the inner ear where tiny “hair cells” (cilia) and the hearing nerve turn the vibrations into nerve impulses (signals). These signals are sent to the brain. The brain then figures out which ear the sound is coming from. With hearing loss, either a short-term (temporary) blockage or a lasting (permanent) problem in the ear or brain keeps sound from being heard or understood.

Conductive hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss is common in children. It can affect one or both ears. For someone to hear, sound signals must travel from outside the ear through the ear canal and eardrum into the inner ear. Conductive hearing loss results when sound becomes partly or fully blocked in the outer or middle ear. Some causes may include:

• Fluid buildup behind the eardrum (often a complication of repeated ear infections)

• Wax buildup in the ear canal

• Problems with the eardrum

• Infection

• Growths

• Abnormal formation of ear bones

• Object stuck in the ear canal, such as food or a toy part

Conductive hearing loss is often temporary and may be improved with medical or surgical procedures. Once the blockage or problem is correctly treated, hearing often returns to normal. If fluid buildup behind the eardrum is the cause, a tiny tube may be inserted into the eardrum to help drain the fluid. The healthcare provider can tell you more about what’s causing your child’s hearing loss and how it can be treated or managed.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss can affect one or both ears. It's due to problems with the inner ear or damage to the hair cells or nerves inside the inner ear. To hear correctly, these hair cells and nerves must process and carry sound to the brain. The brain then senses what we “hear.” With sensorineural hearing loss, the hair cells or nerves are damaged and don't send the signals needed for hearing to the brain. Some causes may include:

• Exposure to very loud noise

• Infection of mother during pregnancy

• Certain types of infection in the child

• Medicines that are toxic to the ear (such as some IV antibiotics or cancer medicines)

• Family history of permanent hearing loss

• Premature birth

• Severe jaundice

Sensorineural hearing loss is often permanent. So, treatment includes using devices that help the child hear as well as possible. These devices include:

• Hearing aids. Electronic devices that make sound louder.

• Cochlear implants. Surgically implanted devices that help the child sense sound. Cochlear implants are used when the hearing loss is too severe to be treated with hearing aids.

• Assistive listening devices (ALDs) or hearing assistive technology systems (HATS).  ALDs, such as FM (frequency modulation) systems, need the person speaking to wear a microphone. The person’s voice is then sent into the child’s hearing aids, cochlear implants, or earphones. ALDs let the child hear the person speaking without distracting background noise. FM systems can be used in classrooms to help children with hearing loss hear their teachers.

Mixed hearing loss

Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Treatment depends on the cause of the hearing loss. A combination of treatment methods can be used to help the child hear well.

Hearing disorders

Auditory processing disorder (APD)

APD occurs when the ear works correctly, but the brain doesn’t interpret sound correctly. To hear words correctly, the brain must recognize and interpret the sounds that are sent to the brain. With APD, something keeps the brain from correctly processing or interpreting the sounds that make up a word or words. So subtle differences between sounds in words can't be heard and words are misheard. It is unknown why APD occurs. Some signs of APD include:

• Poor listening skills

• Trouble understanding speech and interpreting background noise

• Trouble paying attention to and remembering information that is spoken (such as in a classroom)

• Struggling with language, such as mixing up syllables in words

• Trouble with reading, comprehension, spelling, and vocabulary

• Poor performance, misbehavior, and frustration at school

Tests can be done to find out if your child has APD. Talk with your child’s healthcare provider if you think they need to be tested. Your child's audiologist can tell you which type of hearing disorder your child has. The audiologist can also help you determine the next steps of your child's care.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD)

In this condition, the inner ear works, but there is a problem that keeps the brain from recognizing and interpreting sound correctly. This causes words to be misheard. Sounds may also fade in and out. The cause of ANSD is unknown. Scientists think it may be linked to problems with the hearing nerve, but more research needs to be done. There are hearing tests available to check for ANSD that can be done by your child's audiologist.